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    Utilizing first occurrence, nursing behavior, and growth data to enhance animal management: An example with African elephants (Loxodonta africana)

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    Date Issued
    2013
    Author
    Miller, Lance J.
    Andrews, Jeff
    Subject Terms
    ENDANGERED SPECIES
    ZOO ANIMALS
    BEHAVIOR
    REPRODUCTION
    CARE OF YOUNG
    AFRICAN ELEPHANTS
    SAFARI PARK
    CALIFORNIA
    Journal
    International Journal of Comparative Psychology
    Volume
    26
    Issue
    1
    Start page
    19
    End page
    25
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Alternative link
    https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2bj7k018
    Abstract
    One of the many goals of zoological institutions is to actively breed endangered species to enhance conservation efforts. Unfortunately, many of these species are not reproducing at high enough levels to sustain populations within zoos. Low reproductive success and high infant mortality are two areas of concern for some of these species. Collecting behavioral data on developmental milestones following successful births can create a database of information to aide animal management to help make more informed decisions during subsequent births. The current study provides valuable information for African elephant calf developmental norms and demonstrates how data on first occurrences, nursing behavior and growth patterns can aide animal management. Data were collected on eleven African elephants (Loxodonta africana) at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park in Escondido, CA of which ten have survived. Results show that on average African elephant calves were standing within 40 minutes, attempted to nurse within an hour and a half, and successfully nursed within six hrs. There were no significant differences in nursing rates, growth patterns, or first occurrence behaviors between males and females during the first 75 days of life and elephants gained on average 0.59 kg/day over that same period of time. Results also show a significant change in nursing behavior on day 22 for the elephant calf that died. This information is intended to serve as a resource for elephant managers with newborn African elephants and to serve as a model to develop similar type databases for other species in need within zoological institutions.
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12634/652
    Type
    Article
    Rights
    Copyright 2013 by the International Society for Comparative Psychology
    Collections
    Conservation Science Publications

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